ব্যবহারিক : মানচিত্র ও স্কেল (Practical : Map and Scale)

e¨envwiK : gvbwPÎ I †¯‹j

বুঝতে অসুবিধা হলে ডাউনলোড করে না পিডিএফ ফাইল

gvbwP‡Îi aviYv, Dcv`vb, e¨envi, †kÖwYwefvM, ms‡KvPb, cÖmviY, †¯‹j I †¯‹‡ji †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jvi meB e¨envwiK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq|

gvbwP‡Îi aviYv, Dcv`vb I e¨envi

§  gvbwP‡Îi aviYv I Dcv`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

§  gvbwP‡Îi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbwP‡Îi aviYv

c„w_exi gnv‡`k Ges gnvmvMimg~‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki mxgv, AvqZb, Ae¯’vb Ges Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi

cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡ eySv‡bvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó gvcbxi (Scale) †cÖw¶‡Z mgMÖ f‚-c„‡ôi Askwe‡k‡li †h bKkv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv

nq, Zv‡K gvbwPÎ e‡j| wewfbœ cÖKvi ms‡KZ Ges is (Kvjvi) e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g f‚-c„‡ôi wewfbœ  ¯’vb¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡, AvqZb I mxgv wVK †i‡L cÖvK…wZK wewfbœ cÖc (‡hgb : f‚-cÖK…wZ, b`-b`x, cvnvo, mgy`ª, mgy`ª

†¯ªvZ) Ges A_©‰bwZK welqvw` ((‡hgb : avb, cvU Mg Drcv`b) wkí-KviLvbv Ges bMi welqK welqv`x (‡hgb : MÖvgxb emwZ, †cŠiemwZ) cÖf„wZ gvbwP‡Î wewfbœ ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq| we‡kl gvb wfwËK G wPÎ Aw¼Z nq e‡j G‡K gvbwPÎ e‡j| gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb †¯‹j I Awf‡¶c|

f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i g‡Z- ÔÔcÖPwjZ mvs‡KwZK wPý, wbw`©ó †¯‹j I Awf‡¶‡ci mvnv‡h¨ mgZj KvM‡Ri Dci Aw¼Z mgMÖ c„w_ex ev Gi Askwe‡k‡li cÖwZiƒc‡K gvbwPÎ e‡jÕÕ|

gvbwP‡Îi Dcv`vb : gvbwP‡Îi cÖavb Dcv`vb 5wU | †hgb- 1) mxgvbv 2) †¯‹j, 3) A¶‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLv, 4) DËiw`K Ges 5) wk‡ivbvg I mvs‡KwZK wPý|

1.       mxgvbv (Boundary ): cÖwZwU gvbwP‡Îi Pvwicv‡k wbw`©ó mxgvbv _vK‡e|

2.       DËiw`K (North Line) : cÖwZwU gvbwP‡Îi DËi w`K N ev DËi ev ( ) GB A¨v‡ivwP‡ýi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡Z n‡e| A¨v‡ivwPý me©`v gvbwP‡Îi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vK‡e|

3.       A¶‡iLv I `ªvwNgv‡iLv (Latitude and Longitude) : †h GjvKvi gvbwPÎ †mB GjvKvi A¶‡iLv I

`ªvwNgv‡iLv mwVKfv‡e †`Lv‡Z n‡e|

4.       †¯‹j (Scale) : gvbwPÎwU Aek¨B wbw`©ó †¯‹‡j A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e| gvbwP‡Î †h †Kv‡bv `ywU ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ Ges f-‚ c„‡ô ev f‚wgfv‡M H `ywU ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ cÖK…Z `~i‡Z¡i †h AbycvZ ev m¤úK© Zv‡K gvcbx ev †¯‹j  e‡j|

5.       wk‡ivbvg I mvs‡KwZK wPý (Headings and Symbols) : gvbwP‡Îi wk‡ivbvg D‡jøL K‡i wel‡qi mv‡_

gvbwP‡Îi welqvw` mwVK ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|

gvbwP‡Îi e¨envi : gvbwP‡Îi e¨envwiK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡gœ gvbwP‡Îi e¨envi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

1.       †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨mg~n mwVKfv‡e gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

2.       gvbwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ MÖvg, kni, ¯’jc_, Rjc_, b`b`x, cvnvo, ce©Z, gvjf‚wg, mgf‚wg, ch©U‡bi  ¯’vbmg~n, f‚-cÖK…wZ, K…wlR, wkíRvZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b, e›Ub cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g  cÖ`wk©Z nq e‡j

mn‡R Z_¨mg~n we‡klø

Y Kiv hvq|

3.       gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiv hvq G‡Z hvZvqvZ mnR nq|

4.       wewfbœ ai‡bi gvbwPÎ cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji ¯’vb‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| †hgb- AvenvIqv gvbwPÎ †_‡K  AvenvIqv, g„wËKv gvbwPÎ †_‡K g„wËKv, mgy`ª †¯ªv‡Zi gvbwPÎ †_‡K mvgyw`ªK †¯ªvZmg~n cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv hvq|

 

5.       mgy‡`ª RvnvR Pvjv‡Z, wegvb åg‡Y gvbwPÎ m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GgbwK hyׇ¶‡Î kÎyi  Ae¯’vb Rvb‡ZI gvbwP‡Îi Ávb cÖ‡qvRb|

6.       cÖkvmwbK Kg©KvÛ, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msi¶Y Ges cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ gvbwPÎ e¨eüZ nq|

 

es

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b G  1, 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi w`b|

dqmvj GKv`k †kÖwYi QvÎ| wk¶K e¨envwiK K¬v‡mi cÖ_g w`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ ‡`Lv‡jb| wk¶K cÖ`wk©Z gvbwP‡Î †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q Zv wk¶v_©x‡`i ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z ej‡jb|

1|   gvbwP‡Îi cÖavb Dcv`vb KqwU?

(K) 5wU                                             (L) 6wU

(M) 7wU                                              (N) 8wU

2|   gvbwP‡Îi DËi w`K ev North line †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ A¨v‡ivwPý †Kvb w`‡K †`Lv‡bv nq?

(K) wb‡Pi w`‡K                                       (L) Dc‡ii w`‡K

(M) gvSvgvwS                                           (N) Wvbw`‡K

3|  †¯‹‡ji ˆewkó¨mgyn wb¤œiƒc-

. gvbwPÎ wbw`©ó †¯‹‡j A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e

i

i

. gvbwP‡Î `ywU ¯’v‡bi `~iZ¡ Ges f‚-c„‡ô `ywU ¯’v‡bi ga¨Kvi `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ n‡jv †¯‹j

i

. †¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨ `~iZ¡ mn‡R cwigvc Kiv hvq|

iii

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) i (L) ii I iii (M) i, ii I iii (N) iii

4|    †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨mg~n Kx‡mi mvnv‡h¨ †¯‹j e¨envi K‡i my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq?

(K) gvbwPΠ                                         (L) †jLwPÎ

(M)    cvBwPΠ                                         (N) eviwPÎ

 

gvbwP‡Îi †kÖwYwefvM (

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

§  gvbwP‡Îi †kÖwYwefvM e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 

gvbwP‡Îi †kÖwYwefvMgvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU wel‡qi wfwˇZ †kªwYwefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v- K. e¨envwiK we‡klZ¡ I welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i L. †¯‹‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i Ges M. †fŠ‡MvwjK Dcv`v‡bi wfwˇZ|

K.   e¨envwiK we‡klZ¡ I welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i : e¨envwiK we‡klZ¡ I welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i gvbwP·K cÖavb cuvPwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v-

1.      

Cadastral Maps) :

†gŠRv gvbwPÎ (                               f‚wg Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g cÖvß wewfbœ f-‚ m¤úwË, K…wl‡¶Î, evwoNi, Ab¨vb¨

¯’vcbvi mxgvbv A¼b Kiv nq †h gvbwP‡Î Zv‡K †gŠRv gvbwPÎ ev m¤úwË Rwic gvbwPÎ e‡j| †gŠRv gvbwP‡Î Rwgi

gvwjKvbv  bw_f³z

Kiv nq| GB gvbwP‡Î f‚-c„‡ôi AwZ¶z`ª As‡ki cÖwZiƒc cÖ`k©b Kiv nq e‡j †gŠRv  gvbwPÎ

A¼b Ki‡Z Awf‡¶‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ‡gŠRv gvbwP‡Î cÖwZf~ AbycvZ mvaviYZ 6"=1 gvBj, 25"=1 gvBj aiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠRv gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j 16"= 1 gvBj †_‡K 64"=1 gvBj Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k ‡gŠRv gvbwP‡Îi

†¯‹j 1:20,000 aiv nq|

2.       f‚-ms¯’vwbK gvbwPÎ (Topographical Map) : f‚wgi eÜziZv, b`-b`x, ebR½j, cwienb c_, kni,  MÖvg,

e›`i, Nievwo, f‚wgi e¨envi cÖf…wZ wewfbœ f-‚ cÖvK…wZK cÖcÂmg~n‡K wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý ev cÖZxK, we›`y Ges i‡Oi gva¨‡g †h gvbwP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K f‚-ms¯’vwbK gvbwPÎ e‡j| f‚-ms¯’vwbK gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j wewfbœ

4.       †`Iqvj gvbwPÎ (Wall Map) : †kÖwYK‡¶ mgMÖ c„w_ex, gnv‡`k ev †`‡ki Z_¨vw`, †Kv‡bv GKwU †Mvjv‡a©

QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i wbKU Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †h eo AvKv‡ii gvbwPÎ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K †`Iqvj gvbwPÎ (Wall Map)

e‡j| GQvov miKvwi I †emiKvwi Awdm, mvgwiK `ßi Ges evmvevwo‡Z GB gvbwPÎ e¨eüZ nq| G gvbwP‡Îi

†¯‹j f‚-ms¯’vwbK I f‚wPÎvewji gvbwP‡Îi ga¨eZ©x ch©v‡qi nq|

5.       f‚-wPÎvejx (Atlas) : f‚-wPÎvejx‡Z mvaviYZ f-‚ cÖvK…wZK, Rjevqy, K…wlR, LwbR, wkí, kni, bMi  ¯’jc_ BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Z_¨vw` wewfbœ is I wP‡ýi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB ai‡bi gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j  mvaviYZ 1t1000,000 ev 1t1000,000,000 n‡q _v‡K|

L.     †¯‹‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i: †¯‹‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i gvbwP·K cÖavb `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-

1.    ¶z`ª †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ : hLb e¨vcK GjvKv‡K †QvU K‡i KvM‡R A¼b Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ¶z`ª †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ e‡j| G †¶‡Î mgMÖ c„w_ex ev gnv‡`k ev †`‡ki eo GjvKv‡K GKwU †QvU KvM‡R †`Lv‡bv nq|  f‚-wPÎvejxi gvbwPÎ I †`Iqvj gvbwPÎ ¶z`ª †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ|

 

2.    e„nr †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ : ¶z`ª GjvKv‡K e„nr †¯‹‡j A¼b K‡i hLb A‡bK eo K‡i †`Lvb nq, ZLb Zv‡K e„nr

†¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ e‡j| †hgb, 1"=16 gvBj; 16"= 1gvBj| †hgb †gŠRv gvbwPÎ ev K¨vWv÷ªvj gvbwPÎ, f‚-ms¯’vwbK gvbwPÎ e„nr †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ|

M.  †fŠ‡MvwjK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i : †fŠ‡MvwjK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i gvbwP·K cÖavb `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v : cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ I mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwPÎ|

1.    cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ (Physical Map): cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖvK…wZK welqvw` †h gvbwP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ e‡j| cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ e„nr †¯‹‡j A¼b Kiv nq| mvaviYZ cÖvK…wZK gvbwP‡Î  f~wgi  eÜziZv

m‡gvbœwZ †iLvi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq| GQvov moKc_, †ijc_, †bŠc_, Dw™¢‡`i eÈb, g„wËKvi cÖKvi‡f`  cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK gvbwP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

2.     mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwPÎ (Cultural Map): †h gvbwP‡Î mvs¯‹…wZK Z_¨vw` Dc¯’vwcZ nq Zv‡K mvs¯‹…wZK  gvbwPÎ e‡j| A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, HwZnvwmK, mvgvwRK cÖf„wZ Z_¨vw` mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwP‡Î cÖPwjZ wPý, we›`y, QvqvcvZ, åy‡jL cÖf…wZ e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ I DcvË Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

(K) welqwfwËK gvbwPΠ                                (L) cwigvYMZ gvbwPÎ

(M) HwZnvwmK ms¯’vcb                                  (N) †KvbwUB bq

2|    f‚-ZvwË¡K gvbwPÎ, g„wËKv gvbwPÎ, AvenvIqv I Rjevqy gvbwPÎ, eÜziZv gvbwPÎ cÖf…wZ †Kvb  ai‡bi gvbwP‡Îi D`vniY?

(K) mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwPΠ                                  (L) cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ

(M) ¶z`ª †¯‹‡ji gvbwPΠ                             (N) †KvbwUB bq 3| cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ †Kvb †¯‹‡j A¼b Ki‡Z nq?

(K) ¶z`ª †¯‹‡ji gvbwPΠ                           (L) e„nr †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ

(M) ¶z`ª I e„nr †¯‹‡ji gvbwPΠ                     (N) †KvbwUB bq

4|    A_©‰bwZK, HwZnvwmK, mvgvwRK cÖf…wZ Z_¨ †Kvb ai‡bi gvbwP‡Îi AšfÍ

(K) mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwPΠ                                  (L) cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ

(M) cÖvK…wZK I mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwPΠ                           (N) A_©‰bwZK gvbwPÎ

©y³?

evsjv‡`‡

†¯‹j I Gi †kÖwYwefvM

gvbwP‡Îi `yÕwU ¯’v‡bi `~iZ¡ Ges f‚wg‡Z H ¯’vb `yÕwUi cÖK…Z `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ‡K †¯‹j e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e

ejv hvq, †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨ I DcvËmg~n gvbwP‡Î Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †h Abycv‡Z Kgv‡bv ev evov‡bv nq  Zv‡K gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j e‡j| †hgb- gvbwP‡Î `ywU ¯’v‡bi `~iZ¡ 2" (`yB BwÂ) Ges f‚wg‡Z `ywU ¯’v‡bi cÖK…Z `~iZ¡ 20  gvBj

nq| Zvn‡j gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j n‡e-

2Ó †Z 20 gvBj

ev 1Ó †Z 10 gvBj ------(1)

ev             1

1       [ GK gvB‡j 63360 BwÂ]

10 63360 633600

ev, 1: 633600 -----------------(2)

ev, cÖwZf‚ AbycvZ (cÖ:A.) 1: 633600

mgxKiY (1) Abyhvqx

1Ó †Z 10 gvBj ej‡Z eySvq gvbwP‡Î `ywU ¯’vb hw` GK Bw `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb K‡i Z‡e f‚wg‡Z Zv‡`i cÖK…Z

`~iZ¡ n‡e 10 gvBj|

mgxKiY (2) Abyhvqx gvbwP‡Îi `~iZ¡ 1Ó n‡j f‚wg‡Z `~iZ¡ n‡e 633600 ev gvbwP‡Î `~iZ¡ 1 †m.wg n‡j f‚wg‡Z

`~iZ¡ n‡e 633600 †m.wg|

†¯‹‡ji cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Scale): gvbwP‡Îi e¨envwiK ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi wewfbœZv Ges AsKb& c×wZi  Dci wfwË K‡i †¯‹j‡K cÖavbZ cuvPwU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq Ges ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ wKQz †¯‹j‡K Dc‡kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv

n‡q‡Q|  : †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gvc ev wnmve Abyhvqx GKwU mij †iLv‡K KwZcq fv‡M wef³

Ki‡j Zv‡K mij †¯‹j e‡j| mij †¯‹‡ji †¶‡Î gyL¨fv‡M A‡c¶vK…Z e„nr Ges †MŠY fv‡M ¶z`ª BDwb‡Ui cwigvc †`Lv‡bv nq (wPÎ-15.3.1)|

 

cÖ: A: 1:80,000

wPÎ 15.3.1 : mij †¯‹j

gvbwP‡Î mij †¯‹j eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| KviY cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` gvbwP·K †QvU ev eo Ki‡j †¯‹jI AvbycvwZK nv‡i †QvU ev eo nq|

L)      Zzjbvg~jK †¯‹j (

omparative Scale) : Zzjbvg~jK †¯‹jI GK ai‡bi mij †¯‹j| ïaygvÎ wfbœ GK‡Ki

†¯‹‡ji GKwUi mv‡_ AciwUi Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ hLb GKB g~jwe›`y Ges cÖwZf‚ Abycv‡Z cvkvcvwk GKvwaK †¯‹j AsKb Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K wewfbœ ˆ`N©¨ GK‡Ki Zzjbvg~jK †¯‹j e‡j| GB  ai‡bi †¯‹‡j gvB‡ji mv‡_ wK‡jvwgUvi, dz‡Ui mv‡_ †WwmwgUvi, wgUv‡ii mv‡_ MR cÖf…wZ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq| (wPÎ-15.3.2)|

 

AwZµg K‡i Zv †`Lv‡bv nq Zv‡K UvBg †¯‹j e‡j| †hgb GKRb ¯‹vDU N›Uvq wZb gvBj MwZ‡Z gvP© Ki‡Q| H GjvKvi gvbwP‡Îi cÖwZf~ AbycvZ n‡”Q 1:126720

GLv‡b

"

gvbwP‡Îi `~iZ¡ 1     n‡j f‚wg‡Z `~iZ¡ 126720 = 2 gvBj

†h‡nZz MwZ‡eM N›Uvq 3 gvBj Ges †gvU `~iZ¡ 12 gvBj ZvB 12 gvBj `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡g 12÷ 3=4  N›Uv mgq cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| GB †¶‡Î cÖ`Ë UvBg †¯‹jwU n‡e wbgœiƒc:

cÖ_‡g 6" GKwU †¯‹j AsKb K‡i cÖv_wgKfv‡e mgvb 4 fv‡M wef³ K‡i cÖ_g cÖv_wgK NiwU‡K mgvb 6wU Dcfv‡M

wef³ Ki‡j cÖwZwU DcfvM 10 wgwb‡U AwZµvš`

K †¯‹j AsKb Kiv nq Zv‡K c`‡¶c †¯‹j e‡j| mg‡qi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y A_ev `ªyZ Rwi‡ci cÖ‡qvR‡b

†hLv‡b †PBb ev †Uc w`‡q cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e nq bv †mB mKj †¶‡Î c`‡¶c †¯‹j e¨eüZ nq| ˆmwbK‡`i c`‡¶‡ci `~iZ¡ 30" ev 75 †m.wg aiv nq| Z‡e e¨w³ we‡k‡l c`‡¶‡ci ˆ`©N¨ cwiewZ©Z nq| ZvB Rwi‡ci c~‡e© RwicKg©xi c`‡¶‡ci `~iZ¡ cwigvc Kiv c‡qvRb|

 

†hgb: `ªyZ RwicK…Z GKwU GjvKvi gvbwP‡Îi cÖwZf‚ AbycvZ 1:15,000 Ges RwicKg©xi c`‡¶‡ci  `~iZ¡  75

†m.wg|

GLv‡b gvbwP‡Îi `~iZ¡ 1 †m.wg n‡j f‚wg‡Z `~iZ¡ 15,000 †m.wg =150 wgUvi|

ev gvbwP‡Îi `~iZ¡ 1 †m.wg n‡j f‚wg‡Z `~iZ¡

GLb c`‡¶c †¯‹‡j, cª_‡g 7 †m.wg GKwU †¯‹j AsKb K‡i Zv‡K cÖv_wgK fv‡e 7 fv‡M wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU fvM 150 wgUvi Ges 200 c`‡¶c †`Lv‡bv hv‡e| cÖ_g cÖv_wgK fvMwU‡K mgvb 5wU Dcfv‡M wef³ Ki‡j cÖwZwU DcfvM 30 wgUvi Ges 40 c`‡¶c †`Lv‡e|

  

4. AveZ©b †¯‹j (Revolution Scale): c`‡¶c †¯‹‡ji b¨vq mvB‡Kj ev Mvwoi PvKvi AveZ©‡bi gva‡g `~iZ¡ cwigvc Kiv nq| wbw`©ó `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq AveZ©b msL¨v †`wL‡q †h †¯‹j AsKb Kiv nq Zv‡K AveZ©b

†¯‹j e‡j| GB †¶‡Î cÖ_‡gB PvKvi cwiwa wbY©q Kiv nq| cwiwa wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU n‡jv-cwiwa = 2 ©

†hgb: 90" cwiwai PvKv wewkó mvB‡K‡ji gva¨‡g RwicK…Z GKwU GjvKvi gvbwP‡Îi cÖwZf‚ AbycvZ 1:21600

21600

gvbwP‡Îi `~iZ¡ 1" n‡j f‚wg‡Z  `~iZ¡        90

Bw = 240 AveZ©b|

myZivs AveZ©b †¯‹‡ji Rb¨ cÖ_‡g 3.5Ó GKwU †¯‹j AsKb K‡i cÖ_‡g mgvb 7wU fv‡M wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU fvM 300 MR Ges 120 AveZ©b †`Lv‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g fvMwU‡K mgvb 5wU Dcfv‡M wef³ Ki‡j cÖwZwU DcfvM 24 MR Ges 60 AveZ©b †`Lv‡e| (wPÎ: 15.3.5)

 

wPÎ: 15.3.5 AveZ©b †¯‹j

iagonal Scale): my² cwigv‡ci Rb¨ AvqZ‡¶‡Îi ci¯úi wecixZ †KvY؇qi ms‡hvRK mij

cÖ:A: 1:50

†iLvi mvnv‡h¨ †h †¯‹j AsKb Kiv nq, Zv‡K KY©xq †¯‹j (Diagonal Scale) e‡j| GB †¯‹‡ji gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡qi ¶z`ªZi `~iZ¡ cwigvc Kiv nq (wPÎ 15.3.6)| AvqZ‡¶‡Îi KY© Øviv GKwU ¶z`ª †iLv‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mgvb msL¨K fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| GB g~jbxwZ n‡ZB KY©xq †¯‹‡ji D™¢e| 

wewfbœ ai‡bi m~¶è `~iZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ KY©xq †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv nq| mij †¯‹‡ji f‚wg †iLvi Dci myweavRbK D”PZvi AvqZ‡¶Î AsKb K‡i wØZxq ch©v‡qi †MŠY Ask¸‡jv‡Z KY© AsKb K‡i AvqZ‡¶ÎwU‡K  cÖ‡qvRbxq

msL¨K mg`~ieZ©x  Avbyf‚wgK mgvšiÍ nq|

vj †iLvi gva¨‡g fvM K‡i Z…Zxq ch©v‡q wef³ K‡i KY©xq †¯‹j AsKb Kiv

O) fvwb©qvi †¯‹j (

ernier Scale): d«v‡Ýi weL¨vZ MwYZwe` wcu‡q‡i fvwb©qvi GB †¯‹j D™¢veb K‡ib e‡j G‡K

fvwb©qvi †¯‹j e‡j| m~² cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mij †¯‹‡ji cv‡k mshy³ †h †QvU Pjbkxj †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K fvwb©qvi †¯‹j e‡j| 15.3.7 bs wP‡Î K L †¯‹jwU, cÖv_wgK †¯‹j Ges Dc‡ii †QvU †¯‹jwU fvwb©qvi †¯‹j|

 A¶vsk cwieZ©‡bi mv‡c‡¶ mwVK `~iZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h †hŠwMK †¯‹j

AsKb Kiv nq Zv‡K cwieZ©bkxj †¯‹j e‡j|

2| Xv‡ji †¯‹j : m‡gvbœwZ gvbwP‡Î wewfbœ m‡gvbœwZ †iLvi ga¨eZ©x Xv‡ji cwigvY cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K Xv‡ji †¯‹j e‡j| GB †¯‹‡j wbw`©ó Dj¤^ weiwZ‡Z (mvaviYZ 100dzU ev 50 dzU) cÖwZ wWMÖx Xv‡ji cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Avbyf‚wgK `~i‡Z¡i cwigvY †`Lv‡bv nq|

3| eM©g~‡ji †¯‹j (

S

quare Root Scale) : gvbwP‡Î cwimsL¨vwbK DcvË †`Lv‡bvi R‡b¨ wewfbœ AvbycvwZK wPý

C

e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ †`k ev kn‡ii RbmsL¨v, Rwgi cwigvY I Drcv`b cÖf…wZ DcvˇK AvbycvwZK eM©‡¶Î, AvqZ‡¶Î ev e„‡Ëi †¶Îd‡ji gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|

4| Nbg~‡ji †¯‹j (

C

 eM©g~‡ji †¯‹‡ji gZB gvbwP‡Î cwimsL¨vwbK DcvˇK wewfbœ Nb 

ev †Mvj‡Ki AvqZ‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|

5| wPÎvbycvZ †¯‹j : AbywPÎ, f‚wg e¨env‡ii cÖwZKx bKkv, eøK cÖf…wZ AsK‡bi  mgq cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i welqe¯Íy‡K †QvU ev eo ‡h †¯‹‡j AsKb Kiv nq Zv‡K wPÎvbycvZ †¯‹j e‡j|

6| Dj¤^ †¯‹j (

 : AvKvk wP‡Îi †¯‹j wbY©‡qi Rb¨ gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j wba©vi‡Yi c×wZ e¨wZµg|

V

G‡¶‡Î †¯‹‡ji mv‡_ K¨v‡givi †dvKvj ˆ`N©¨ Ges wegvb DÇqb D”PZvi m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv nq| GB †¶‡Î †¯‹j wbY©‡qi m~ÎvwU n‡jvÑ

AvKvk wP‡Î `yÕwU we›`yi `~iZ¡

  f‚wg‡Z †¶Î `ywUi Ae¯’v‡bi `~iZ¡

dqmv‡ji †QvU gvgv evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx‡Z PvKzix K‡ib| GKw`b dqmvj gvgvi mv‡_ †mLv‡b †eov‡Z †Mj| †m

†`L‡Z †cj c¨v‡i‡Wi mgq ‰mwbKiv wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ GKB mg‡q cv †d‡j|

1|    wbw`©ó `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c msL¨v †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx †¯‹j‡K Kx e‡j?

(K) UvBg †¯‹j                                      (L) c`‡¶c †¯‹j

(M) AveZ©b †¯‹j                                     (N) Dj¤^ †¯‹j 2|       ‰mwbK‡`i c`‡¶‡ci `~iZ¡ KZ aiv nq?

(K) 30 ev 75"                                 (L) 22"

(M) 36"                                        (N) 28"

3|    m~¶è cwigv‡ci Rb¨ AvqZ‡¶‡Îi ci¯úi wecixZ †KvY؇qi ms‡hvRK mij †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ †h †¯‹j AsKb Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx †¯‹j e‡j?

(K) KY©xq †¯‹j                                      (L) c`‡¶c †¯‹j

(M) AveZ©b †¯‹j                                     (N) Dj¤^ †¯‹j

4|     UvBg †¯‹‡ji ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q-

. †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev `j ev MwZkxj e¯‘ wbw`©ó mg‡q KZUzKz `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv UvBg †¯‹‡ji  gva¨‡g

i

†`Lv‡bv nq|

i

. e¨w³, `j ev hvbevnb †h GjvKvi Dci w`‡q hvq mswkóø

i

cÖ‡qvRb|

i

ii . Pjgvb e¨w³, `j ev hvbevn‡bi MwZ‡eM j¶¨ ivL‡Z nq| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) i (L) ii I iii (M) i, ii I iii (M) iii

GjKvq gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j we‡ePbvq ivLv

5|    †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gvc ev wnmve Abymv‡i GKwU mij †iLv‡K KwZcq fv‡M fvM Ki‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?

(K)  Zzjbvg~jK †¯‹j                                   (L) UvBg †¯‹j

(M) KY©xq †¯‹j                                                 (N) mij †¯‹j

mij I KY©xq †¯‹j

evsjv‡`‡

 

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

§   mij I KY©xq †¯‹‡ji msÁv, MVb KvVv‡gv I myweav-Amyweav eY©bv I we‡klø

§  mij I KY©xq †¯‹j A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†h †¯‹j Øviv cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡q fv‡Mi gva¨‡g gvbwP‡Îi f‚wgi ˆ`N©¨ ev AbycvZ cwigvc Kiv nq

Zv‡K mij gvcbx ev mvaviY †¯‹j (

cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡qi KwZcq fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq Ges fv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi gvb wefvR¨ msL¨v (

nIqv evÂbxq| wefvR¨ msL¨v Ggb nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †Kv‡bv GKwU fv‡Mi gvb wØZxq chv‡q wewfbœ

fv‡M mn‡R wefvR¨ nq Ges †¯‹‡ji wefvM¸wji †KvbwU fMœvsk bv nq| †hgb: XvKv n‡Z †gNbv eªxR ch©š7Í 2

gvBj `xN© iv¯Ív †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ 6" ˆ`‡N©¨i GKwU mvaviY †¯‹‡j cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GKwU fv‡Mi wefvR¨ msL¨v ev gvb 12 gvBj Ges wØZxq ch©v‡q D³ 12 gvBj‡K Avevi 2 ev 3 ev 4 ev 6 fv‡M wef³ Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki wefvR¨

msL¨vi gvb h_vµ‡g 6 gvBj ev 4 gvBj ev 3 gvBj ev 2 gvBj n‡e|

mij †¯‹‡ji MVb KvVv‡gv

mvaviY †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ gvB‡ji †¯‹‡j 4" n‡Z 6" ch©š,Í

wK‡jvwgUv‡ii †¯‹‡j 10 †mw›UwgUvi n‡Z 15 †mw›UwgUvi

 4"                            "

†mw›UwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ n‡e Ges cÖ¯’ 0.25 Bw ev 0.5 †mw›UwgUvi nIqv DwPZ| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GK‡Ki gvb GKvwaK n‡j wØZxq ch©v‡q wKsev GKvwaK bv n‡j wØZxq ch©v‡q wbgœ GKK e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q 5wU

fv‡Mi cÖwZwU‡Z 1 MR ch©š†Í `Lv‡Z n‡e| Avevi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q 1 MR n‡j wØZxq ch©v‡q †¯‹j‡K M‡Ri wVK †QvU GKK wnmv‡e dz‡U wef³ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î cÖwZwU fv‡M 1 dzU K‡i 3 dzU ev 1 MR †`Lv‡Z GKB gvb e¨eüZ

n‡e|

mij †¯‹j A¼b c×wZ

cÖwZfz AbycvZ 1:50 †¯‹‡j MR I dzU †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU mij †¯‹j A¼b Kiyb|

cÖ_g avc,

cÖ‡kœ †h‡nZz MR †`Lv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| †m‡nZz cÖwZf~ AbycvZ‡K M‡Ri ‡¯‹‡j cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avgiv Rvwb, 1 MR = 36"

\

36 = 1 MR

= f‚wg‡Z 1.389 MR (cÖvq) D‡jøL¨ mij

cÖwZf~ Abycv‡Zi 50" =        36

= 1.389 MR (cÖvq) A_©vr gvbwP‡Î 1"

†¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ M‡Ri †¯‹‡ji †¶‡Î 4" n‡Z 6" ch©š`Í

xN© nq| †m‡nZz 1 Bw‡Z 1.389 MR †¯‹j‡K h_vµ‡g 4 ¸Y

4=5.556 MR) 5.556 MR Ges (1.3896

6=8.334 MR) 8.334 M‡R cÖKvk Kiv

Ges 6 ¸Y K‡i (1389×

n‡jv| G‡`i †KvbwU wefvR¨ msL¨v bv nIqvq GB `ywU fMœvsk m¤^wjZ msL¨vi ga¨eZ©x GKwU msL¨v‡K wefvR¨

-6 Ges

msL¨v wnmv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| wefvR¨ msL¨v 6 MR wba©viY Ki‡j Aw¼Z mij †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ n‡e 4"                                    "

 

-6

wØZxq ch©v‡qi fv‡M dzU †`Lv‡Z n‡e| hw` wefvR¨ msL¨v GLv‡b 7 ev 8 MR nq Zvn‡j mij †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N¨© 4"                                     "

n‡e|

GLb, wefvR¨ msL¨v 6 MR †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Aw¼Z †¯‹‡ji ‰`N©¨ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|

1.389 MR = gvbwP‡Î 1"

f‚wg‡Z 1 MR = gvbwP‡Î

1

1.389 "

f‚wg‡Z 6 MR (wefvM msL¨v) = gvbwP‡Î

1 6

 

1.389

= 4.319"

ev, 4.32"

(cÖvq)|

6 MR †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ mij †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ n‡e 4.32" (cÖvq) Avevi, 7 MR †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Gi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e

8/1.389=5.76"  (cÖvq)|

myZivs ejv hvq, 1:50 †¯‹‡j gvbwP‡Îi 1 Bw f‚wg‡Z cÖvq 1.389 MR `~iZ¡ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Aw¼Z †¯‹‡ji ‰`N¨© cÖvq 4.32 BwÂ| cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡q cÖwZwU As‡ki gvb h_vµ‡g 1 MR I 1 dz‡Ui mgvb|

wØZxq avc

mij †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ 4.32" wba©vi‡bi ci K L bvgK GKwU mij †iLv Avbyf~wgKfv‡e A¼b Kiyb| GB mij †iLv‡K cÖv_wgK chv©‡q mgvb 6 fv‡M fvM Kivi Rb¨ K we›`y n‡Z 3.2" ˆ`‡N©¨i K M bvgK Av‡iKwU mij †iLv wPÎ

15.4.1 Abymv‡i 300 †Kv‡Y A¼b Kiyb| GLb K M †iLv‡K ÔKÕ we›`y n‡Z 0.50 Bw wnmv‡e mgvb 6wU fv‡M  fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask h_vµ‡g Z, _, `, a, b Ges c Øviv wb‡`©k Kiyb| GLb K L I KM †iLvi ÔcLÕ we›`y †hvM

Kiyb| †mU ¯‹qv‡ii (

mvnv‡h¨ ÔcLÕ †iLvi mgvšiÍ

v‡j ÔKLÕ †iLvi Dci b, a, `, _, T Ges Z we›`y

n‡Z Aw¼Z wewfbœ †iLv ÔKLÕ †iLv‡K mgvb 6wU fv‡M wef³ KiyY Ges hvi cÖwZwU fv‡Mi gvb f‚wg‡Z 1  M‡Ri mgvb| GB fvM ¸‡jvB n‡jv cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi fvM| ÔKLÕ †iLv‡K mgvb 6 fv‡M wef³ Kivi ci MVb KvVv‡gv Abyhvqx evg cv‡k¦©i cÖ_g fv‡M 3 we›`y eivei cÖvß g As‡ki gvb N (k~b¨) n‡e| k~‡b¨i Wvb w`‡Ki 5wU fv‡Mi 5 MR Ges evgw`‡K 1wU fv‡Mi gvb 1 MR n‡e (wPÎ 15.4.1)|

wØZxq av‡c ÔKLÕ †iLv‡K mgvb 6 fv‡M wef³ Kivi ci evg w`‡Ki cÖ_g Ask‡K wØZxq ch©v‡q ¶y`ª fv‡M wef³ Ki‡j mvaviY †¯‹‡ji A¼b m¤c~Y© nq| wKš‘ cÖkœvbyhvqx ‰`‡N©¨i cwigv‡Yi †¶‡Î MR A‡c¶v dzU †QvU cwigvcK nIqvq evg w`‡K 1 M‡Ri fvM‡K mgvb 3 fvM Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU wØZxq ch©v‡qi fvM 1 dzU K‡i `~iZ¡ wb‡`©k K‡i| evgw`‡Ki cÖ_g fvM‡K wØZxq ch©v‡q mgvb 3 fv‡M wef³ Kivi Rb¨ wPÎ 15.4.1 Abyhvqx ÔKNÕ bvgK GKwU j¤^ A¼b Kiyb, Ges ÔKLÕ †iLvi g we›`y n‡Z Dc‡ii w`‡K wPÎvbyhvqx ÔgOÕ bvgK GKwU j¤^ A¼b Kiyb| Aw¼Z ÔKNÕ

Ges ÔgOÕ j¤^Øq‡K wPÎ 15.4.1 Abyhvqx 0.3

Ges QQ †hvM Ki‡j Kg Ask mgvb 3 fv‡M w "

e¨eav‡b h_vµ‡g P I Q Ges P I Q As‡k wef³ Kiyb| GLb PP ³ n‡e Ges cÖwZwU As‡ki gvb n‡e 1 dzU|

ef

wØZxq wPÎ GKB †¯‹‡j wPÎwU wb‡gœv³fv‡e A¼b Kiv hvq|

 

cÖ_g avc

wØZxq av‡ci 4.32" ˆ`‡N©¨i mij †iLv‡K cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q mgvb 6wU fv‡M wef³ K‡i MR Ges Z…Zxq  ¯Í‡i me©ev‡gi Ask‡K wØZxq ch©v‡q mgvb 3 fvM K‡i g~jZ dzU wb‡`©k Kiyb| A¼‡bi myweav‡_© 0.2"  `~i‡Z¡ ÔKLÕ

†iLv‡K h_vµ‡g Dj¤^fv‡e Gi mgvšÍiv‡j Aew¯’Z †iLvi mv‡_ †hvM K‡i 8wU AvqZ‡¶Î A¼b (wPÎ 15.4.2) Kiyb| GLb Aw¼Z mij †¯‹j‡K Av‡iv my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ AvqZ‡¶Î Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e mgvb 2wU As‡k wef³ Kivq †gvU 6wU wewfbœ AvKv‡ii AvqZ‡¶Î Aw¼Z n‡jv| GLb me©ev‡gi me©wbgœ Ni n‡Z wPÎ Abyhvqx 1 Ni

cÖ. A. 1:50

AšiÍ

Dc‡i wb‡P cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ni‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Kvwj ev †cwÝj Øviv cwic~Y© Kiyb ev wewfbœ †kW e¨envi Kiyb|

GB av‡c Aw¼Z mij †¯‹‡ji cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡q fv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU As‡ki gvb, †¯‹‡ji wk‡ivbvg, cÖwZf‚ AbycvZ, †¯‹‡ji mxgvbv (Boundary/boarder) cÖf…wZ wb‡`©k Kiyb| †¯‹‡ji ‰`N©¨ Ges KvM‡Ri AvKv‡ii  mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L mij †¯‹‡ji Dcwifv‡M mij †¯‹j wjLyb| Aw¼Z mij †¯‹‡ji wb‡P wewfbœ wefvM msjMœ  ¯’v‡b cª‡Z¨KwU As‡ki gvb †¯‹‡ji ˆ`‡N©¨i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L †QvU K‡i wjLyb Ges g~j †¯‹‡ji AviI  wb‡P †QvU

AvKv‡ii wKš‘ wk‡ivbv‡gi †P‡q †QvU Ges cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡qi wewfbœ fv‡Mi gv‡bi †P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ.A (cÖwZf~ AbycvZ) wjLyb| mvgwMÖKfv‡e mij †¯‹j A¼b †k‡l Aw¼Z †¯‹‡ji Pvwicv‡k¦© cwiwgZ Ask  e¨eav‡b mvaviY mxgvbv A¼b Kiyb|

D`vniY : 2. cÖ. A. 1: 63360 †¯‹‡j gvBj I dvj©s †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU mij †¯‹j A¼b Kiyb|

cÖ_g avc

‡h‡nZz gvBj †`Lv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz cÖwZf~ AbycvZ‡K gvB‡j cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avgiv Rvwb, 1 gvBj = 63360"

\

63360

"

= 1 gvBj

"

1 = 1/63360

"

 

\

cÖwZf‚ Abycv‡Zi 63360   =

"

63360

163360    = 1 gvBj

A_©vr, gvbwP‡Î 1" = f‚wg‡Z 1 gvBj|

 

-6  nIqvq 1 Bw‡Z 1 gvBj †¯‹j‡K h_vµ‡g 4 ¸Y I 6 ¸Y K‡i 4

mvaviY †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ gvB‡ji †¯‹‡j 4"              "

gvBj (14= 4gvBj) I 6 gvBj (16=6 gvBj) cvIqv †Mj| msL¨vØq I Dnv‡`i ga¨eZ©x msL¨vwUI wefvR¨ msL¨v nIqvq A¼b myweav‡_© 4 gvBj‡K wefvR¨ msL¨v wnmv‡e w¯’i Ki‡Z mij †¯‹‡ji ˆ`N©¨ †`Lv‡bv hv‡e| AviI

 

cÖ_g avc n‡Z cÖvß 4" ˆ`‡N©¨i mij †iLv‡K AvbycvwZKfv‡e 1" e¨eav‡b cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q mgvb 4 fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡jv hvi cÖwZwU fv‡Mi gvb f‚wg‡Z 1 gvB‡ji mgvb (wPÎ15.4.3)

wØZxq av‡c 4" ˆ`‡N©¨i mij †iLv‡K mgvb 4 fv‡M wef³ Kivi ci evgw`‡Ki cÖ_g Ask‡K wØZxq ch©v‡qi ¶y`ªZg fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| evgw`‡Ki 1wU fv‡Mi gvb 1 gvBj nIqvq MVb KvVv‡gv Abyhvqx gvB‡ji  ¶z`ªZg GKK

wnmv‡e dvj©s †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ (wPÎ 15.4.3 Abyhvqx) 1 dvj©s K‡i `~iZ¡ cÖKvk Ki‡e| 1 gvBj = 8 dvj©s e‡j me©ev‡gi NiwU‡K 8 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 15.4.3 Abymv‡i mij †¯‹jwU‡K 0.2" cÖk¯’Zvq Dj¤^ I Avbyf‚wgKfv‡e †gvU 22wU wfbœ AvK…wZi AvqZ‡¶Î AsKb Kiv n‡jv Ges me©ev‡gi me©wbgœ AvqZ‡¶Î n‡Z Dc‡i wb‡P 1 Ni e¨eav‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU  AvqZ‡¶Î‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Kvwj Øviv cwic~Y© K‡i †mŠ›`h© e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡qi fv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU As‡ki gvb, †¯‹‡ji wk‡ivbvg, cÖwZf~ AbycvZ, †¯‹‡ji mxgvbv wb‡`©k K‡i †¯‹‡ji KvVv‡gvMZ A¼b cÖwµqv m¤ú~Y© Kiyb|

mij †¯‹‡ji e¨envi

mij †¯‹‡ji gva¨‡g gvbwP‡Î `yBwU ¯’v‡bi `~iZ¡ mn‡R cwigvc Kiv hvq, KviY mij †¯‹j‡K cÖv_wgK I wØZxq ch©v‡q †kªwYwefvM Kiv nq| GQvovI GB †¯‹‡ji cÖavb myweav n‡jv cwiewZ©Z †¶‡ÎI cÖK…Z †¯‹j‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GB cwigv‡ci GKK †h mg¯Í †`‡k cÖPwjZ ïaygvÎ †mB mKj †`‡k GB †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv hvq|

ms‡¶‡c mij ‡¯‹‡ji D`vniY

1|    1 Bw mgvb 4 gvBj †`wL‡q GKwU mij †¯‹j A¼b  Kiyb| cÖkœvbymv‡i,

1 Bw‡Z 4 gvBj wb‡`©k K‡i

    5 Bw‡Z (45) = 20 gvBj wb‡`©k K‡i|

GLb 5 Bw ˆ`‡N©¨i GKwU †iLv‡K mgvb 4 fv‡M wef³ Ki‡j cÖwZ fvM n‡e 5 gvBj| evg cv‡k¦©i me©cÖ_g fvMwU‡K cybivq 5 fvM Ki‡j cÖwZwU fvM n‡e 1 gvBj|

Avgiv Rvwb,

1 gvBj = 63360

    4 gvBj = (633604)

= 253440

A_©vr cÖwZf‚ AbycvZ n‡e 1 t 253440